tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4011647374629632072024-03-18T03:57:55.879-07:00Ben KrasnowBen Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.comBlogger385125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-62417551019304718982023-08-26T19:18:00.001-07:002023-08-26T19:18:15.734-07:00Photosynthesis photography: Making images with living plant leaves<p><br /></p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-qETedzsFIE?si=9b_yYnRBL0eGDxhC" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>How to make photographs using plant leaves: the technique, examples, f/0.5 camera lens construction, and tips & tricks that I learned along the way.</p><p><br /></p><p>Inspiration for this project came from a 1970's video made by The Royal Institution: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2JTiAASdyw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2JTiAASdyw</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Starch formation refs: <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/329993">https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/329993</a></p><p><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/50820500/GPRG/2022PulicationsandSummaries/2022_Photosynthetic%20responses%20of%20greenhouse%20ornamentals%20to%20interaction%20of%20irradiance%20CO2%20and%20temperature.pdf">https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/50820500/GPRG/2022PulicationsandSummaries/2022_Photosynthetic%20responses%20of%20greenhouse%20ornamentals%20to%20interaction%20of%20irradiance%20CO2%20and%20temperature.pdf</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Video describing inkjet printed photomasks: <a href="https://youtu.be/bR9EN3kUlfg?si=k9RU6EwM5-pKx2tr&t=643">https://youtu.be/bR9EN3kUlfg?si=k9RU6EwM5-pKx2tr&t=643</a></p><p><br /></p><p>A different technique to make leaf prints: <a href="https://www.alternativephotography.com/chlorophyll-prints/">https://www.alternativephotography.com/chlorophyll-prints/</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Video from Alpha Phoenix on making photos with cyanotype: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewQQX3fxQKk&t=85s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewQQX3fxQKk&t=85s</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Ray optics simulator: <a href="https://phydemo.app/ray-optics/">https://phydemo.app/ray-optics/</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Giant tweezers: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Stainless-Tweezers-Anti-slip-Aquascape-Maintenance/dp/B07LDLWJMM/">https://www.amazon.com/Stainless-Tweezers-Anti-slip-Aquascape-Maintenance/dp/B07LDLWJMM/</a></p><p>Anhydrous ethanol: <a href="https://www.extractohol.net/1gal-200-proof-pure-food-grade-ethyl-alcohol">https://www.extractohol.net/1gal-200-proof-pure-food-grade-ethyl-alcohol</a></p><p>Hanging basket geranium plant: <a href="https://www.lowes.com/pd/2-Gallon-Multicolor-Geranium-in-Hanging-Basket-L5450/1000151713">https://www.lowes.com/pd/2-Gallon-Multicolor-Geranium-in-Hanging-Basket-L5450/1000151713</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Methanol toxicity: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity</a> <a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.002">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.002</a> Skin absorption in a quantity high enough to be a problem is rare, according to this.</p><p><br /></p><p>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-40338525410123654782023-07-05T22:04:00.006-07:002023-07-05T22:04:32.786-07:00Measuring the amount of lead (Pb) consumed when drinking from lead crystal glassware. Is it safe?<br /><br />I show a "DIY" chemical color-based method to determine the amount of lead in water, and then use the method to measure the amount of lead extracted from various types of lead crystal glassware. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-cAB5FG4bXI" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Skip to 27:05 to see the detailed results <div><br /></div><div>Code, analysis, raw data, more references: <a href="https://github.com/benkrasnow/LeadCrystal">https://github.com/benkrasnow/LeadCrystal</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Average daily lead consumption: 50ug in early 1980s, about 2/3 of this came from food and water <a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18340799W/Food_contamination_from_environmental_sources?edition=unset0000unse_z0t6">https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18340799W/Food_contamination_from_environmental_sources?edition=unset0000unse_z0t6</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>The FDA established a maximum daily intake for Pb called the Interim Reference Level (IRL). The IRL for children and adults is 3 μg/day and 12.5 μg/day, respectively. In 2022, FDA tightened its Interim Reference Levels (IRLs) for lead to 2.2 µg/day for children and 8.8 µg/day for females of childbearing age—a drop of 27% from the original IRLs it established in 2018. </div><div><br /></div><div>(2011) The estimated average daily dietary exposure of the French population to lead was 18 μg for adults aged 15 years or more <a href="https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/3511">https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/3511</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>ChatGPT on cloudy lead acetate solutions <a href="https://chat.openai.com/share/b24593ea-e467-4c41-ac79-55a4c0546a63">https://chat.openai.com/share/b24593ea-e467-4c41-ac79-55a4c0546a63</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Support the production of future videos on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-50529094966285359712023-05-28T16:03:00.006-07:002023-05-28T16:03:55.558-07:00Multi-layer reactive foil: no fuel, no oxygen, tons of heat
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eGj4jfYhDxA" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
<div><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>This unusual sheet metal is made of hundreds of nano scale layers of aluminum and nickel. A spark initiates a self-propagating reaction that creates NiAl compound, and lots of heat! This material is used to solder items so fast that the base material doesn't have time to draw heat away from the joint. The technical data sheet indicates that this process is fluxless, and I suspect trying to include flux would cause rapid gas expansion that would blow the solder joint apart. I'm not sure how the solder wets the surface without flux. <div><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1063/1.1629390">https://sci-hub.se/10.1063/1.1629390</a> </div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_aluminide">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_aluminide</a> </div><div><a href="https://www.indium.com/products/nanofoil/#documents">https://www.indium.com/products/nanofoil/#documents</a> </div><div><a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-45658800507774322752023-04-09T19:25:00.002-07:002023-04-09T19:25:17.090-07:00Temperature-sensing RFID tag in magnetic stir bar<p><br /></p><p><br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nh1SIfipQs4" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</p><p><br /></p><p>I describe an old project in which a few friends and I designed an RFID tag that fits into a magnetic stir bar and measures temperature wirelessly. We decided to open-source the project, and you can see the PCB design and tag firmware at the github repo below. I don't think I have the firmware for the base station, unfortunately.</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.ti.com/product/TMS37157">https://www.ti.com/product/TMS37157</a></p><p><a href="https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/texas-instruments/EZ430-TMS37157/2183733">https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/texas-instruments/EZ430-TMS37157/2183733</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://github.com/benkrasnow/Temperature_sensing_stirbar">https://github.com/benkrasnow/Temperature_sensing_stirbar</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-50615832513468350842023-01-22T22:00:00.008-08:002023-01-22T22:00:33.026-08:00Identify chemicals with radio frequencies - Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (MRI without magnets)<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JO_EHceV9sk" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
<p> </p><p>How to build and test an NQR spectrometer, which is similar to MRI, but uses no magnets. NQR frequencies are unique among all tested compounds, so detecting a resonance indicates a near certainty that a specific chemical is present.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Tektronix 2-series oscilloscope: <a href="https://www.tek.com/en/products/oscilloscopes/2-series-mso">https://www.tek.com/en/products/oscilloscopes/2-series-mso</a> Video capture was done via VNC client</p><p><br /></p><p>Zeeman effect shifting optical spectral lines: <a href="https://youtu.be/JV4Fk3VNZqs?t=74">https://youtu.be/JV4Fk3VNZqs?t=74</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Atomic clock calibration using Zeeman effect: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTy1kY_wtsY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTy1kY_wtsY</a></p><p><br /></p><p>W2AEW's RF tutorial on quarter wave transmission lines: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1BAq0KxIdc">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1BAq0KxIdc</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Water deflected by electric field: <a href="https://youtu.be/NjLJ77IuBdM?t=468">https://youtu.be/NjLJ77IuBdM?t=468</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Litz wire only helpful between 50KHz and 1.5MHz - <a href="https://youtu.be/FUCRB9UdfUg?t=2010">https://youtu.be/FUCRB9UdfUg?t=2010</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Q/A</p><p>Why use vacuum variable capacitors? The parallel LC circuit develops well over 1000 volts during transmit, and they are much easier to finely adjust over a large range.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>I've spent quite a few hours making this work since late last year. I failed to detect a signal from urea, which burned dozens of hours. Switching to NaNO2 suddenly produced a huge signal.</p><p><br /></p><p>NQR calculations spreadsheet - <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pkWlgvEXlANemZt3DR1J5g59S7hsejbvs995Y4FRsl0/edit?usp=sharing">https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pkWlgvEXlANemZt3DR1J5g59S7hsejbvs995Y4FRsl0/edit?usp=sharing</a></p><p><br /></p><p>NQR references (many!) : <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XoNUhFceH38nSjAFZoxglNiZlUzn6QMxa6CYTyAM92c/edit?usp=sharing">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XoNUhFceH38nSjAFZoxglNiZlUzn6QMxa6CYTyAM92c/edit?usp=sharing</a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-10104409849294459762022-11-23T21:47:00.003-08:002022-11-23T22:34:18.430-08:00How to disable auto updates on Windows 10 Home<p>I've tried all kinds of things to stop auto updates on Windows 10 Home: Use psexec and disable the items in Task Scheduler, disable the services, run the service as a non-privileged user, edit various registry settings that are intended to influence auto update, try to be creative with "active hours" and play with the clock settings. Nothing that I found on the internet as of Nov 2022 has worked to actually stop the updates. I've found that editing the registry values shown below will definitely stop the updates. As of Nov 2022, this really works. Simply append ".bak" to the listed .dll filenames in the following registry values. You can always change them back. Now reboot or stop the services manually. The scheduler will attempt to start the services as usual, but the system will be unable to find the nonexistent file, and will log error messages that you can see in the System Event Viewer.</p><p>If you end up digging into this, there are three things to monitor:</p><p>Window Update (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\wuauserv)</p><p>Windows Update Medic Service (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\WaaSMedicSvc)</p><p>Windows Update Orchestrator (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsoSvc)</p><p><br /></p><p>Yes, I know OS updates are important. Sometimes making sure a PC never reboots is even more important. Use your judgement.</p><p>These alterations may lengthen boot time (not sure). I have not noticed any other effects.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCLbeCI-j0y3YxoI-nATQ0ejF1vjym-L4S5hHSRcP-ijn1YEjSO1cd4TSh4SUtHzKkdwH9Oj86cSdZTTbRmMHrEnO0U0gnTJdIzC2hoEpoZm6e0s7fKgmxhjtx4TyEyBo5C2-JmXlcZTpjamV2D3IKnJekjZg1Sd_tfIoNvHxEMISpnGxsHyprMeRr/s1744/Windows%20Update%20Medic%20Service%20registry%20DLL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1744" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCLbeCI-j0y3YxoI-nATQ0ejF1vjym-L4S5hHSRcP-ijn1YEjSO1cd4TSh4SUtHzKkdwH9Oj86cSdZTTbRmMHrEnO0U0gnTJdIzC2hoEpoZm6e0s7fKgmxhjtx4TyEyBo5C2-JmXlcZTpjamV2D3IKnJekjZg1Sd_tfIoNvHxEMISpnGxsHyprMeRr/w640-h289/Windows%20Update%20Medic%20Service%20registry%20DLL.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsiUrmJmpEgpoBqqdlGTrOjHi9Mq5qNGePTgSK9MDyC0TJ1atPUSMjSxY-fQY73sAtL7CyqbeK-jNmr8H1OT-A1NSB2Cl8Wd3Sx4Gg1l2Oqm2XaCmVgGDi1U0fhGhimNUIRnusisZ0BdHZ73SCazYnTD86hD64zNr0tt9I28UfLD1EyatCTM0ib8aC/s1725/Windows%20Update%20Orchestrator%20Service%20registry%20DLL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="1725" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsiUrmJmpEgpoBqqdlGTrOjHi9Mq5qNGePTgSK9MDyC0TJ1atPUSMjSxY-fQY73sAtL7CyqbeK-jNmr8H1OT-A1NSB2Cl8Wd3Sx4Gg1l2Oqm2XaCmVgGDi1U0fhGhimNUIRnusisZ0BdHZ73SCazYnTD86hD64zNr0tt9I28UfLD1EyatCTM0ib8aC/w640-h252/Windows%20Update%20Orchestrator%20Service%20registry%20DLL.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq2aOLk0LlPED7vRzwl6iWf0DeWP3A4jNbmUNyvVvVMKA7z124QERUNEJGudWHnWY2aFkThcCzDIGtxTJZy2Ux9abTofKBcfqLoTDU6dfp7H4DXoeABtLhX6frGFy2Jv3OaOTmaAfG5BM8gpc-XpG7S2nMYzoUGokIi7bGapypAH5vm6scPLaxi3NX/s1675/WindowsUpdate%20Registry%20DLL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1675" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq2aOLk0LlPED7vRzwl6iWf0DeWP3A4jNbmUNyvVvVMKA7z124QERUNEJGudWHnWY2aFkThcCzDIGtxTJZy2Ux9abTofKBcfqLoTDU6dfp7H4DXoeABtLhX6frGFy2Jv3OaOTmaAfG5BM8gpc-XpG7S2nMYzoUGokIi7bGapypAH5vm6scPLaxi3NX/w640-h286/WindowsUpdate%20Registry%20DLL.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-77484184095223540182022-11-03T20:34:00.004-07:002022-11-03T20:36:08.112-07:00How to make precise sheet metal parts (photochemical machining)
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bR9EN3kUlfg" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
<p> </p>\<br /><div>How to make etched metal parts.</div><div>-All of the highest quality parts that I made went to the customer, but edge quality and photoresist adhesion is still a problem.</div><div><br /></div><div>-The photomask dark areas can be expanded, and then the part etched for a longer amount of time to make the edges more perpendicular to the surface. I forgot to mention this clever way to improve the etch aspect ratio called "etch factor" <a href="http://www.chemcut.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Chemcut_Thoughts_on_Undercut.pdf">http://www.chemcut.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Chemcut_Thoughts_on_Undercut.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-Dry film photoresist <a href="https://www.amazon.com/30cm%C3%975m-Portable-Photosensitive-Production-Photoresist/dp/B07MMVPY1Z/">https://www.amazon.com/30cm%C3%975m-Portable-Photosensitive-Production-Photoresist/dp/B07MMVPY1Z/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-Photoresist processing datasheet <a href="https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/products/ei-transformation/documents/DEC-Riston_GeneralProcessingGuide.pdf">https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/products/ei-transformation/documents/DEC-Riston_GeneralProcessingGuide.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-Special ink and transparencies (films) for photomasks: <a href="https://filmdirectonline.com/">https://filmdirectonline.com/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-Flip pins <a href="https://shop.evilmadscientist.com/productsmenu/853">https://shop.evilmadscientist.com/productsmenu/853</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-405nm lights: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R2BR1XN80FQT9R/">https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R2BR1XN80FQT9R/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-Epson printer with tank for custom ink: <a href="https://epson.com/For-Work/Printers/Inkjet/EcoTank-ET-M1170-Wireless-Monochrome-Supertank-Printer/p/C11CH44201">https://epson.com/For-Work/Printers/Inkjet/EcoTank-ET-M1170-Wireless-Monochrome-Supertank-Printer/p/C11CH44201</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-Strange Parts did a great video on metal business cards: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83GDV0xsTTs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83GDV0xsTTs</a></div><div><br /></div><div>-<a href="https://mymetalbusinesscard.com/product/stainless-steel-business-cards/">https://mymetalbusinesscard.com/product/stainless-steel-business-cards/</a> 100 cards for $250 could be the cheapest way to get custom mechanical parts: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkZkaT_P0Ck">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkZkaT_P0Ck</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Support Applied Science on Patreon <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-55722434885647102652022-09-11T17:48:00.010-07:002022-09-11T17:48:56.571-07:00High speed X-ray video: jumping beans, wind-up toys and more!<p> High-speed X-ray video captured with a Dectris photon-counting detector. I show how the process works and how this detector is different than normal camera detectors. </p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xdpDd7dyU00" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.dectris.com/">https://www.dectris.com/</a></p><p><a href="https://media.dectris.com/Technical_Specification_PILATUS_100K-S_V1_8.pdf">https://media.dectris.com/Technical_Specification_PILATUS_100K-S_V1_8.pdf</a></p><p>Mexican jumping beans: <a href="https://www.amazingbeans.com/">https://www.amazingbeans.com/</a></p><p>X-ray timelapse video: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-FHbHoiwNk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-FHbHoiwNk</a></p><p>ImageJ image format converter: <a href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</a> (the NIH's SSL cert expired?)</p><p>Flipping through images fast enough as if playing video: <a href="https://www.irfanview.com/">https://www.irfanview.com/</a></p><p>Video editing software: <a href="https://www.blackmagicdesign.com/products/davinciresolve/edit">https://www.blackmagicdesign.com/products/davinciresolve/edit</a></p><p>The sequence of tiff files directly from the sensor contain a lot of temporal flicker -- probably because the X-ray tube itself has time-varying output. This isn't so bad at 60Hz, but quite a problem at 300Hz. I used Resolve's "color stabilizer" to maintain constant levels throughout a clip, and was impressed how well this removed the flicker.</p><p><br /></p><p>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-23947837946344957292022-05-31T15:18:00.009-07:002022-06-05T19:10:23.234-07:00Drawing on a plasma display with a laser pointer An orange plasma display will retain an image caused by incident near-UV light. This is an interesting visual combination of photoelectric, hot carrier injection, plasma, and charge trapping effects.<div><br /></div><div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oj4tRnLKN6U" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
<span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><div><br /></div><div>Correction: The orange display is running at 700Hz, 130V in the video.</div><div> <span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span></span>I realize that I may have conflated the issues of one-resistor-per-pixel and the display's ability to maintain an image throughout row scanning. They are separate problems that are both addressed by designing the panel to work on AC. Each pixel can maintain its state (on or off) by being supplied constantly with a lower "sustaining" voltage, and can be set or cleared by giving it a momentary higher or lower amplitude. The sustaining voltage allows the pixel to be emitting light or not, and its state remains because of its own impedance until updated on the next scan. In color plasma displays, separate electrodes are used for sustaining and addressing pixels, and the discharge may be sustained between coplanar electrodes instead of plane-to-plane, as in this display.</div><div><br /></div><div>It's also a possibility that the dielectric and MgO layer only exists on one electrode (the metal), and the ITO is bare. I don't know.<span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span></span>On this display, if all rows are electrically connected together, and all columns are connected together, and AC is applied to rows and columns, this effect does not work -- no light is emitted at all! At least some of the electrodes (ie every other column) must be left floating to emit any light, and to show this memory effect. So, driving AC plasma panels requires more waveform tricks that I do not fully understand.</div><div><br /></div>Prior art patents: <a href="#">https://patents.google.com/patent/US7283301B2/en</a> <a href="#">https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060132716A1/en</a> <div><br /></div><div>Physics coffee mug in opening shot:<a href="#">https://www.atomstoastronauts.com/collections/mugs</a><br /><br /><br />Refs:<a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.08.001</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01132</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1109/TPS.2003.810178</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1109/TED.2003.813452</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7785</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0026-2714(97)00179-0</a> <a href="#">https://patents.google.com/patent/KR19980085547A/en</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://www.slideserve.com/urian/i-structure-of-ac-plasma-display-panel-schematic-of-pdp-drive-system</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://patents.google.com/patent/US7589697B1/en</a><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-76746290798012978422022-04-09T18:59:00.003-07:002022-04-09T18:59:51.956-07:00Silver nanoprisms grown into structural colors by high power LEDs<br /><br />How to chemically synthesize silver nanoparticles, then grow them into triangular nanoprisms with light from a variety of LEDs. Each color LED creates a different size nanoprism, which has its own characteristic color.<br /><br />--<div><br /></div>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v8pko9IlFW4" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<div>--</div><div><br /></div><div><br /><br /><br /> CMDITR video: <a href="#">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agD5jfXua-o</a> <div>Multispectral LED driver on Github: <a href="#">https://github.com/benkrasnow/MultiSpectLED</a> </div><div>Chemicals sourced from Amazon/eBay </div><div>LR-1 spectrometer: <a href="#">https://www.aseq-instruments.com/LR1.html</a> </div><div>Micropipette set: <a href="#">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B06XJY82N3</a>/ <a href="#">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01KO7MCCC/</a> </div><div>20ml glass vials with PTFE lined cap (do not use metal-lined): Environmental Express APC1675P Already gone from Amazon </div><div>pH pen (this cost more than I remember, but it works really well, and has lasted many years. Cheaper pH pens are often pretty bad) <a href="#">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01ESYG6B0/</a> </div><div>Comparison of CD, DVD, Blu-ray discs with electron microscope: <a href="#">https://twitter.com/BenKrasnow/status/615327472909840385</a> </div><div>Great way to find related papers: <a href="#">https://www.connectedpapers.com/</a> </div><div>Research sources: <a href="#">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agD5jfXua-o</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604637</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/nature01937</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1126/science.1066541</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/smll.200801480</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1039/b302943c</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-20-28-29923&id=247745</a> <a href="#">https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/nr/c4/c4nr06901c/c4nr06901c1.pdf</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1039/C4NR06901C</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://sci-hub.se/10.1155/2018/1781389</a> </div><div><a href="#">https://www.cytodiagnostics.com/pages/silver-nanoparticles-handling-and-storage</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="#">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-64702704701726691512022-01-09T17:39:00.002-08:002022-01-09T17:39:58.598-08:00Olestra (zero calorie cooking oil) - chemical synthesis and taste test<p><br /><br />I synthesized olestra from biodiesel, sugar, and soap with a sodium metal catalyst. I also describe some of the history of olestra's development.<br /><br /><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3d8b_ohlcdk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Procedure that I used (Example 1) <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3963699A/en">https://patents.google.com/patent/US3963699A/en</a> </p><p>Other resources: <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060047109A1/en">https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060047109A1/en</a></p><p><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4611055A/en">https://patents.google.com/patent/US4611055A/en</a> </p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1021/ed068p476">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1021/ed068p476</a> </p><p>Biodiesel: <a href="https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee439/node/684">https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee439/node/684</a> </p><p><a href="https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/biodiesel-production-techniques.html">https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/biodiesel-production-techniques.html</a> </p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3anau83Qxt4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3anau83Qxt4</a> </p><p>Epogee fat substitute: <a href="https://www.epogee.com/the-technology">https://www.epogee.com/the-technology</a> </p><p><a href="https://healthsmartfoods.com/products/sweet-nothings-low-fat-chocolate-covered-caramel">https://healthsmartfoods.com/products/sweet-nothings-low-fat-chocolate-covered-caramel</a> </p><p>Potassium oleate soap synthesis: <a href="https://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/documents/LipidsLibrary/Book%20II_ch03.pdf">https://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/documents/LipidsLibrary/Book%20II_ch03.pdf</a> </p><p>Studies on gastro distress and calorie compensation: <a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00050.x">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00050.x</a> </p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1006/rtph.1997.1164">https://sci-hub.se/10.1006/rtph.1997.1164</a> </p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1001/jama.279.2.150">https://sci-hub.se/10.1001/jama.279.2.150</a> </p><p>Anal leakage MadTV: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx9LSEjgQxY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx9LSEjgQxY</a> </p><p>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://ww<span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">w.patreon.com/AppliedScience</span></a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-4867616535284809042021-11-22T15:07:00.005-08:002021-11-22T15:09:21.391-08:00X-ray timelapse of fluid movement in plants, stop-motion animation, sensor teardown/repairI repaired a large digital x-ray detector and used it to record timelapse and stop-motion animations of plants, a clock, and a camera lens.<br /><br /> <div> <span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j-FHbHoiwNk" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></span>
<br /><br /> Applied Science X-ray backscatter imaging system: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ldYhzKAp4</a></div><div> Applied Science CT scanner: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF3V-GHiJ78</a> </div><div>Geiger counter: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counter/</a> </div><div>Linistepper motor driver: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">http://www.massmind.org/techref/io/stepper/linistep/lini_use.htm</a> </div><div>Potassium iodide: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01JKJWXBK</a> </div><div>GE Rhythm user guide: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.bakerhughesds.com/sites/g/files/cozyhq596/files/2018-07/rhythm_rt_manual_english_rev_e.pdf</a> </div><div>Octave (open source MATLAB alternative): <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/index</a> </div><div>Mouse movement recorder software: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://sourceforge.net/projects/mousecontroller/</a> </div><div>Octave and Arduino code used in this video: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vM6KSc_EhrKc8J92Yn_-PE-lZhL3gkhA?usp=sharing</a> </div><div>Thank you for your support on Patreon: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a> </div><div>Thank you, Amir, for the X-ray sensor and software!</div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-42701362960878722642021-09-25T18:17:00.004-07:002021-09-25T19:37:31.037-07:00Underwater laser cutting and silver sintering to make ceramic circuit boards<p> </p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kxXEI0Ce6C0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><div><div>Thermal stress cracking can be completely avoided by CO2 laser cutting thin alumina sheets underwater. I also show how to formulate and apply silver paste, then sinter in a kiln to produce double-sided ceramic printed circuit boards with conductive vias.</div><div><br /></div><div>60W CW CO2 laser at 80% power. 10mm/sec. Standard lens focal length (50mm). 2mm water above ceramic. 180 passes to cut through 0.75mm thick alumina. </div><div><br /></div><div>Silver paste: 97% silver powder, 3% glass powder by mass. Particle size 1 micron or less. Add poly vinyl alcohol mold release until desired consistency reached.</div><div><br /></div><div>Paste applied with 4 mil thick vinyl stencil. Dried in air 10 minutes, then rapidly brought up to 900*C, held for 10 minutes, then rapidly brought back down to room temperature. Total cycle about 45 minutes.</div><div><br /></div><div>I measured electrical conductivity of the finished traces from my process with vinyl stencils: 4 milliohms per square at 10 micron final thickness. This is pretty close to the Dupont published spec ( less than 2 milliohm/sq at 16 micron thick)</div><div><br /></div><div>Underwater CO2 laser cutting reference: <a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/J.JEURCERAMSOC.2011.06.015">https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/J.JEURCERAMSOC.2011.06.015</a></div><div>60W laser cutter: <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/294386493292">https://www.ebay.com/itm/294386493292</a></div><div>Ceramic sheets at McMaster: <a href="https://www.mcmaster.com/alumina/nonporous-alumina-ceramic-sheets-and-bars/">https://www.mcmaster.com/alumina/nonporous-alumina-ceramic-sheets-and-bars/</a></div><div>Ceramic PCB prototypes: <a href="https://ceramic-pcb.com/product/alumina-pcb-al2o3-pcb-prototypes-online">https://ceramic-pcb.com/product/alumina-pcb-al2o3-pcb-prototypes-online</a>/</div><div>Quickfire kiln: <a href="https://kruegerpottery.com/products/par_quikfire6">https://kruegerpottery.com/products/par_quikfire6</a></div><div>Raspberry Pi picoReflow oven controller: <a href="https://apollo.open-resource.org/mission:resources:picoreflow">https://apollo.open-resource.org/mission:resources:picoreflow</a></div><div>Silver powder: <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/122525930519">https://www.ebay.com/itm/122525930519</a></div><div>Glass glaze: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0044SCR6O">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0044SCR6O</a></div><div>Macor: <a href="https://www.mcmaster.com/materials/material~glass-mica-ceramic">https://www.mcmaster.com/materials/material~glass-mica-ceramic</a>/</div><div>Dupont silver paste: <a href="https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/transportation-industrial/public/documents/en/LF131.pdf">https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/transportation-industrial/public/documents/en/LF131.pdf</a></div><div>Binders for ceramic powder: <a href="https://digitalfire.com/article/binders+for+ceramic+bodies">https://digitalfire.com/article/binders+for+ceramic+bodies</a></div><div>PVA mold release: <a href="https://www.tapplastics.com/product/fiberglass/mold_releases/tap_pva_mold_release_liquid/67">https://www.tapplastics.com/product/fiberglass/mold_releases/tap_pva_mold_release_liquid/67</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div></div><div><br /></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-44055980259515657482021-07-31T18:53:00.006-07:002021-07-31T18:54:56.355-07:00Atomic Layer Deposition of copper - If you like sputtering, you'll love this!<p> </p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ih_D6OLzqo4" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>An explanation and demo of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper metal on glass. Precursors are copper(I) chloride and hydrogen, processed in a hot-wall tube quartz tube furnace.</p><p><br /></p><p>10 torr operating pressure</p><p>500 sccm argon sweep/purge gas constantly flowing</p><p>75 sccm CuCl argon pulse gas (17 seconds including flow controller lag)</p><p>100 sccm H pulse gas (14 seconds including flow controller lag)</p><p>7 second purge time between pulses</p><p>100mm quartz tube furnace diameter </p><p>415*C deposition temperature</p><p>350*C CuCl evaporation temperature</p><p>Substrates are mostly borosilicate glass cleaned with RCA clean</p><p>The "good" samples shown in the video are about 750 cycles (about 9 hours</p><p><br /></p><p>Main ref:</p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/cvde.19970030107">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/cvde.19970030107</a></p><p>Also helpful:</p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087759">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087759</a></p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1149/2.0261501jss">https://sci-hub.se/10.1149/2.0261501jss</a></p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(92)90191-K">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(92)90191-K</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Alicat flow controller manuals (hard to find via website navigation):</p><p><a href="https://documents.alicat.com/manuals/DOC-MANUAL-MC.pdf">https://documents.alicat.com/manuals/DOC-MANUAL-MC.pdf</a></p><p><a href="https://documents.alicat.com/manuals/old/Gas_Flow_Controller_Manual_rev7.pdf">https://documents.alicat.com/manuals/old/Gas_Flow_Controller_Manual_rev7.pdf</a></p><p><a href="https://documents.alicat.com/Alicat-Serial-Primer.pdf">https://documents.alicat.com/Alicat-Serial-Primer.pdf</a></p><p><br /></p><p>RCA clean: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_clean">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_clean</a></p><p><br /></p><p>CuCl synthesis: <a href="http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c1901exp35.html">http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c1901exp35.html</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Support Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-62436966968885371282021-05-08T15:03:00.002-07:002021-05-08T15:03:38.024-07:00The best projects from 10 years of Applied Science
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rLkVFjRyoDU" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
<p> Liquid oxygen BBQ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bjvj5FjUPE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bjvj5FjUPE</a></p><p>Fondant cake making - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IhibizyrtU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IhibizyrtU</a></p><p>Scanning Electron Microscope - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdjYVF4a6iU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdjYVF4a6iU</a></p><p>Transcranial magnetic Stimulation - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_olmdAQx5s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_olmdAQx5s</a></p><p>Supercritical CO2 chamber - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gCTKteN5Y4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gCTKteN5Y4</a></p><p>LED in a contact lens - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHECpEhJdB8">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHECpEhJdB8</a></p><p>Pop Rocks candy - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsSwvmNEr0Q">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsSwvmNEr0Q</a></p><p>X-Ray backscatter - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ldYhzKAp4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7ldYhzKAp4</a></p><p>X-Ray CT - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF3V-GHiJ78">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF3V-GHiJ78</a></p><p>Cookie Perfection Machine - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YEdHjGMeho">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YEdHjGMeho</a></p><p>LCD - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zoeeR3geTA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zoeeR3geTA</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4QFNWBSZYg">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4QFNWBSZYg</a></p><p>Vinyl LP in electron microscope - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuCdsyCWmt8">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuCdsyCWmt8</a></p><p>Silicon etching rugate optical filters - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwj78pR46zM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwj78pR46zM</a></p><p><a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></p>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-88380734673810711612021-02-22T22:29:00.003-08:002021-02-22T22:29:28.049-08:00Measuring human digestive efficiency vs. a flame<p><span style="color: white;"> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">"200 Calories" on a nutrition label doesn't describe the total flammable caloric content. I explore the differences between digestible and flammable calories using a homemade calorimeter with glass windows.</span></span></p><span style="color: white;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br /></div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9wZ0wTqJIxY" width="560"></iframe>
<div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
Pressure sensor:
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/te-connectivity-measurement-specialties/M5842-000005-10KPG/7592854">https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/te-connectivity-measurement-specialties/M5842-000005-10KPG/7592854</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Schedule 160 pipe on McMaster:
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.mcmaster.com/7733K259/">https://www.mcmaster.com/7733K259/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
32 ga nichrome wire:
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DL4DSWD/">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DL4DSWD/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Power supply (used for ignition wire):
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07SS77N7K/">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07SS77N7K/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Keithley 6.5 digit multimeter:
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.tek.com/tektronix-and-keithley-digital-multimeter/dmm6500">https://www.tek.com/tektronix-and-keithley-digital-multimeter/dmm6500</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Tek MSO 4 series oscilloscope:
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/4-series-mso-mixed-signal-oscilloscope">https://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/4-series-mso-mixed-signal-oscilloscope</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Soylent:
</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://soylent.com/">https://soylent.com/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Support Applied Science on Patreon:
</span></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience"><span>https://www.patreon.com/Applied</span>Science</a></span>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-9963575124928560212021-01-17T16:26:00.002-08:002021-01-17T16:26:14.339-08:00Prototyping with Applied Science: Design and build a bite sensor
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ag_p8gayrTs" width="560"></iframe>
<p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Join me in brainstorming and building a bite force sensor that allows paraplegic musicians to smoothly control an expression pedal. This video will include construction tips and tricks, methods, material selection, and a little design philosophy.</span></p><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Tiny linear potentiometer used in final design: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/bourns-inc/3046L-1-103/3781580">https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/bourns-inc/3046L-1-103/3781580</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Spring-loaded linear potentiometer: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/tt-electronics-bi/404R10KL1-0/2408603">https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/tt-electronics-bi/404R10KL1-0/2408603</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Sil-Poxy for bonding silicone rubber to itself and other materials: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.smooth-on.com/product-line/sil-poxy/">https://www.smooth-on.com/product-line/sil-poxy/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Sorta Clear 40 - Platinum-cure silicone molding: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.smooth-on.com/products/sorta-clear-40">https://www.smooth-on.com/products/sorta-clear-40</a>/</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Light-cure 3311 adhesive: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.mcmaster.com/1700A253/">https://www.mcmaster.com/1700A253/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (expensive, but this tube will last a long time)
Blue lasers on eBay "5mW" *wink* </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/3-Packs-900Mile-Strong-Laser-Pointer-Pen-Green-Blue-Red-Light-Visible-Beam-Lazer/174479770737">https://www.ebay.com/itm/3-Packs-900Mile-Strong-Laser-Pointer-Pen-Green-Blue-Red-Light-Visible-Beam-Lazer/174479770737</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Braided shield, highly flexible, 4-conductor cable: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/tensility-international-corp/30-00218/5270175">https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/tensility-international-corp/30-00218/5270175</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Fabric reinforced silicone sheet: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.mcmaster.com/8612K51/">https://www.mcmaster.com/8612K51/</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Mechanical CAD on github: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://github.com/benkrasnow/BiteSensor">https://github.com/benkrasnow/BiteSensor</a></span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Support Applied Science on Patreon: </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></span>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-14727518629369947662020-11-15T22:01:00.001-08:002020-11-15T22:01:09.329-08:00Etching silicon wafers to make colorful Rugate optical filters (porous silicon)Passing an electrical current through a silicon wafer in a special acid etchant will create a porous layer with a variable index of refraction. I describe how this process works, and how the Fourier transform relates filter design to electrical etch waveform and resulting spectral response.<br /><div><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.870588235294118); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iwj78pR46zM" width="320" youtube-src-id="iwj78pR46zM"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div><br /><br /> Notes: 1. The Rugate filters look especially good in polarized light because the reflection from the silicon wafer is reduced, but the reflection from the filter remains strong. I noticed this while holding the wafer in front of my computer monitor. Later, when showing it to friends, the color intensity was poor. Their monitor must have been horizontally polarized, so holding the wafer low, and tilting it upward didn't work! Some monitors are horizontally polarized, and some are vertical. 2. The magnet used to hold down the PTFE cup to the wafer may have a very slight impact on the etch process. The dramatic shift in filter performance at the periphery is due to O-ring restricting the conductive etchant to a sharp edge, creating an electrical field concentration. Outstanding visual Fourier series tutorial:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.jezzamon.com/fourier/index.html">http://www.jezzamon.com/fourier/index.html</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>LR-1 spectrometer:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.aseq-instruments.com/LR1.html">http://www.aseq-instruments.com/LR1.html</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span> p-type wafers on eBay. (You have to hunt around and check the photos for info on the label attached to the box of wafers. Be sure to get wafers less than 0.01 ohm-cm) eg<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/25-silicon-wafer-P-type-150mm-100-sumco/263441166009">https://www.ebay.com/itm/25-silicon-wafer-P-type-150mm-100-sumco/263441166009</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>n-type wafers are photosensitive during the etch process.<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>Online graphing calculator page from this video:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.desmos.com/calculator/hiju8zdqfz">https://www.desmos.com/calculator/hiju8zdqfz</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>Original Desmos page that I used: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.desmos.com/calculator/qpnz9celzf">https://www.desmos.com/calculator/qpnz9celzf</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>Code for Keithley 2450 control and processing.org waveform generation:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://github.com/benkrasnow/Porous_Silicon_Optics">https://github.com/benkrasnow/Porous_Silicon_Optics</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>Fourier transform to understand optical coatings:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.willeyoptical.com/pdfs/92_180.pdf">http://www.willeyoptical.com/pdfs/92_180.pdf</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>Porous silicon refs:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.rp-photonics.com/rugate_filters.html">https://www.rp-photonics.com/rugate_filters.html</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.intechopen.com/books/porosity-process-technologies-and-applications/porous-silicon">https://www.intechopen.com/books/porosity-process-technologies-and-applications/porous-silicon</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.03.143">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.03.143</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2010.495446">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2010.495446</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_2">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_2</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.005415">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.005415</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1364/OE.16.015531">https://sci-hub.se/10.1364/OE.16.015531</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19940061214">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19940061214</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2906337">https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2906337</a></span><div><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span> Silicon wafer identification flats:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_5/illustr/i5_2_4.html">https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_5/illustr/i5_2_4.html</a></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span>Applied Science on Patreon:<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></span></div>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-42607735647641491802020-09-20T20:21:00.005-07:002020-09-20T20:25:25.378-07:00Shooting an electron beam through air<p><span style="background-color: #444444; color: white;"> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A special 100nm thick window allows 25 KeV electrons to pass from a vacuum tube to the atmosphere where they hit a fluorescent screen -- a CRT in air!</span></span></p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: #444444; color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/m3oonk1wnHY" width="560"></iframe>
<span>Shielded GoPro goes through a powerful electron beam: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPMpAR9w-L0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPMpAR9w-L0</a>
More powerful amateur electron beam in air: <a href="https://fusor.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=7828">https://fusor.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=7828</a>
Deep technical resource on dielectric charging via electron bombardment:
<a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a172204.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a172204.pdf</a>
Tons of information on industrial e-beam processing: <a href="http://iiaglobal.com/uploads/documents/Industrial_Radiation_eBeam_Xray.pdf">http://iiaglobal.com/uploads/documents/Industrial_Radiation_eBeam_Xray.pdf</a>
KF25 to glass tube quick adapter: <a href="https://www.idealvac.com/SWIFT-SEAL-KF-to-Compression-Port-Adapter/pp/P103772">https://www.idealvac.com/SWIFT-SEAL-KF-to-Compression-Port-Adapter/pp/P103772</a>
100nm silicon nitride windows: <a href="https://www.tedpella.com/grids_html/silicon-nitride-x-ray-windows.htm">https://www.tedpella.com/grids_html/silicon-nitride-x-ray-windows.htm</a>
More windows: <a href="http://www.temwindows.com/category_s/22.htm">http://www.temwindows.com/category_s/22.htm</a>
Tritium light sources (eBay removed most): <a href="https://usa.banggood.com/search/tritium.html">https://usa.banggood.com/search/tritium.html</a>
E-beam crosslinking: <a href="https://ebeamservices.com/polymer-crosslinking/services/plastic-parts/">https://ebeamservices.com/polymer-crosslinking/services/plastic-parts/</a>
KF25 cross $18 on Amazon: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07CKS3H99">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07CKS3H99</a>
Lightbulb sockets: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07SSYN83Y/">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07SSYN83Y/</a>
Hysol 1C: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Loctite-HL1373425-1373425-Hysol-1C/dp/B000B631G8">https://www.amazon.com/Loctite-HL1373425-1373425-Hysol-1C/dp/B000B631G8</a>
Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></span></span>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-72077024283025069262020-09-08T19:27:00.006-07:002020-09-08T19:27:54.877-07:00Ultrasonic soldering bonds glass, titanium, stainless steel, ceramics, tungsten, nichrome...Technical details and how to build an ultrasonic soldering iron. This technique can bond difficult-to-solder metals such as titanium as well as glass and ceramics.<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WuYdsStS1MQ" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
<span style="color: white;">Cerasolzer technical info: <a href="http://cerasolzer.com/cerasolzer/basic_info_gb.html">http://cerasolzer.com/cerasolzer/basic_info_gb.html</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">S-bond technical info: <a href="https://www.s-bond.com/solutions-and-service/ultrasonic-soldering/ultrasonic-solder-materials/">https://www.s-bond.com/solutions-and-service/ultrasonic-soldering/ultrasonic-solder-materials/</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Overview of active soldering process: <a href="https://sci-hub.tw/10.5772/intechopen.82382">https://sci-hub.tw/10.5772/intechopen.82382</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Another good overview: <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-progress-in-soldering-materials/recent-advances-in-solderability-of-ceramic-and-metallic-materials-with-application-of-active-solder">https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-progress-in-soldering-materials/recent-advances-in-solderability-of-ceramic-and-metallic-materials-with-application-of-active-solder</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Discussion of Sn - La solders: <a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/269167/">https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/269167/</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Sn - Ti phase diagram: <a href="https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-010-9663-2">https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-010-9663-2</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">This patent has the key list of ingredients (not just broad ranges) listed at paragraph 45: <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160204303A1/en">https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160204303A1/en</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience"><span style="color: white;">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</span></a>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-59391540518327690582020-08-30T21:07:00.004-07:002020-08-30T21:08:14.772-07:00Demo and teardown of an X-ray fluorescence gun (measures chemical composition)<span style="color: white; font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I show how an X-ray fluorescence gun works, do a teardown and failure analysis, and discuss a new kind of XRF tech now "available" on eBay.</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KdfHVcU8U7U" width="560"></iframe>
<span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The XRF data can be transferred from the gun to a PC, and analyzed with <a href="http://pymca.sourceforge.net/">http://pymca.sourceforge.net/</a> I did this for several materials, but ran out of time in this video to show the software usage, which is quite involved.
Good overall description of XRF: <a href="https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Atomic_Structure/8.06%3A_Atomic_Spectra_and_X-rays">https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Atomic_Structure/8.06%3A_Atomic_Spectra_and_X-rays</a>
Electron shell shielding described via roller derby ?! <a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/electron-shielding/">https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/electron-shielding/</a>
XRF supplies: <a href="https://www.amptek.com/">https://www.amptek.com/</a>
MightyOhm geiger counter: <a href="https://mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counter/">https://mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counter/</a>
The two XRF guns in this video were generously donated by one of my viewers. Thank you!
The Tribogenics tape-peel XRF gun on eBay: <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/New-Watson-XRF-Handheld-Metal-Alloy-Analyzer/123646159115">https://www.ebay.com/itm/New-Watson-XRF-Handheld-Metal-Alloy-Analyzer/123646159115</a>
Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></span>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-46777459188939825232020-07-19T13:37:00.005-07:002020-07-19T13:39:14.271-07:00Holograms on chocolate<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UsDnkrDvkBo" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">DIY process to copy commercial holograms onto chocolate! Completely edible -- no dyes or inks used.
Tech Ingredients' video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoTi0tM4yQ8
Samy Kamkar's diffractive chocolate: <a href="https://twitter.com/samykamkar/status/1259173832620830722">https://twitter.com/samykamkar/status/1259173832620830722</a>
Hologram stickers: <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/100-Huge-1-9-16-Round-Adhesive-Hologram-Sticker-Labels/331178956157">https://www.ebay.com/itm/100-Huge-1-9-16-Round-Adhesive-Hologram-Sticker-Labels/331178956157</a>
Silver mirror process: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1941.11869396
Add a pinch of sodium lauryl sulfate to the stannous chloride primer solution to help the solution get into contact with the plastic surface.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-4qqcCxD6g">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-4qqcCxD6g</a>
Morphotonix: <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/06/14/321816570/holographic-chocolates-look-as-beautiful-as-they-taste">https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/06/14/321816570/holographic-chocolates-look-as-beautiful-as-they-taste</a>
<a href="http://www.morphotonix.com/products/">http://www.morphotonix.com/products/</a>
Caswell nickel electroplating kit: <a href="https://www.caswellplating.com/electroplating-anodizing/nickel-plating-kits/nickel-electroplating-kit-1-5-gal.html">https://www.caswellplating.com/electroplating-anodizing/nickel-plating-kits/nickel-electroplating-kit-1-5-gal.html</a> (Price was already pretty high years ago, and has gone up a lot since; and the kit has fewer components than it used to. But it does work well.)
Holography Marketplace book -- lots of very practical information for making your own holograms, and good source of suppliers (though many are out-of-business now): <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holography-MarketPlace-6th-Franz-Ross/dp/0894960997">https://www.amazon.com/Holography-MarketPlace-6th-Franz-Ross/dp/0894960997</a>
Very good source for mold making supplies: https://shop.smooth-on.com/
Countermeasures against hologram copying. Holograms are often used as a security seal, so making copies as shown in the video could be a problem without countermeasures: <a href="http://www.nli-ltd.com/publications/countermeasures.php">http://www.nli-ltd.com/publications/countermeasures.php</a>
I was planning to talk more about different types of holograms in technical detail, but I think I will save it for a future, dedicated video on making original holograms.
<a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></span>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-19889176978113173462020-07-19T13:35:00.002-07:002020-07-19T13:39:39.718-07:00Giant glass diffusion pump and cathode ray tube demo<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SrNVLCHrJtY" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">This vacuum diffusion pump is made entirely of glass so we can see how it works. I also show a CRT built from a glass lab flask.
The pump was bought on Amazon! <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Vacuum-Diffusion-L-2210-Three-stage-Four-stage/dp/B07MJ2RQ44/">https://www.amazon.com/Vacuum-Diffusion-L-2210-Three-stage-Four-stage/dp/B07MJ2RQ44/</a>
Diffusion pump instructions translation: <a href="https://twitter.com/BenKrasnow/status/1170188966642896896">https://twitter.com/BenKrasnow/status/1170188966642896896</a>
I used DC-704 silicone diffusion pump oil: <a href="https://www.duniway.com/catalog/diffusion-pumps/diffusion-pump-oil">https://www.duniway.com/catalog/diffusion-pumps/diffusion-pump-oil</a>
The tabletop burner and fuel are commonly found at Asian supermarkets.
Phosphor paint: <a href="https://www.coastairbrush.com/products.asp?cat=386">https://www.coastairbrush.com/products.asp?cat=386</a>
Water chiller: <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/S-A-CW-5200-Industry-Water-Chiller-110V-60Hz-for-Laser-Cutting-2-Years-Warranty/122389384736">https://www.ebay.com/itm/S-A-CW-5200-Industry-Water-Chiller-110V-60Hz-for-Laser-Cutting-2-Years-Warranty/122389384736</a>
Support Applied Science on P</span><span style="font-family: "roboto" , "noto" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">atreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></span></span>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-20504112039834796452020-04-28T19:12:00.004-07:002020-04-28T19:12:59.715-07:00Hypercentric optics: A camera lens that can see behind objects<br /> <br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iJ4yL6kaV1A" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<br /> Telecentric and hypercentric optics are very different from our eyes or normal camera lenses. They have "negative" perspective or no perspective, respectively, leading to very unusual images. In this video I show how to use a common fresnel lens in the creation of your own telecentric optical system. <div>
Fresnel lens, 300mm dia. 200mm FL is sold out... <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B071ZQL9YZ/">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B071ZQL9YZ/</a> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
$5 projection lens on eBay: <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/Delta-108-Projection-Lens-from-U-S-Precision-Lens-inc/264605738684">https://www.ebay.com/itm/Delta-108-Projection-Lens-from-U-S-Precision-Lens-inc/264605738684</a> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Good practical discussion of telecentric optics: <a href="https://www.lockhaven.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/labman3/telecen.htm">https://www.lockhaven.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/labman3/telecen.htm</a><br /><a href="https://www.mii.cz/art?id=626&lang=409&style=4">https://www.mii.cz/art?id=626&lang=409&style=4 </a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Idea to use macro tubes for telecentric conversion of normal lenses came from here: <a href="http://www.4photos.de/camera-diy/Telecentric-Lens.html">http://www.4photos.de/camera-diy/Telecentric-Lens.html</a> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In-depth info on telecentric lenses: <a href="https://schneiderkreuznach.com/application/files/9715/0781/8897/optical-measurement.pdf">https://schneiderkreuznach.com/application/files/9715/0781/8897/optical-measurement.pdf</a> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Commercial hypercentric and telecentric lens maker: <a href="https://lw4u.com/">https://lw4u.com/</a> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Paper on making telecentric lenses with fresnel front elements: <a href="https://sci-hub.tw/10.1117/12.455256">https://sci-hub.tw/10.1117/12.455256</a> </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a></div>
Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401164737462963207.post-48861980301084954972020-04-05T20:33:00.001-07:002020-04-06T12:08:18.525-07:00Alpha radiation makes sparks, detects smoke, and eliminates static cling<br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZBHIp967TD8" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
Interesting applications of a strong polonium-210 alpha radiation source. The half life is only 140 days, so the Staticmaster brushes must be replaced every year or so.<br />
<br />
Great technical article on ionization smoke detectors: <a href="https://circuitcellar.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CC2011110601.pdf">https://circuitcellar.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CC2011110601.pdf</a><br />
<br />
Staticmaster refill: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Static-Master-4331991414-Static-Master-Refill/dp/B0000ALKDH/">https://www.amazon.com/Static-Master-4331991414-Static-Master-Refill/dp/B0000ALKDH/</a><br />
<br />
Ionization chamber: <a href="https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32838644316.html">https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32838644316.html</a><br />
<br />
Carl Willis' video on spark gap detectors. (check out his whole channel) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8GlzUjYazs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8GlzUjYazs</a><br />
<br />
Polonium poisoning: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko</a><br />
<a href="https://sci-hub.tw/10.1088/1361-6498/aa58a7">https://sci-hub.tw/10.1088/1361-6498/aa58a7</a><br />
<br />
Mightyohm geiger counter: <a href="https://mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counter/">https://mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counter/</a><br />
<br />
Applied Science on Patreon: <a href="https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience">https://www.patreon.com/AppliedScience</a>Ben Krasnowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04234629396863486242noreply@blogger.com8